Climate Change, Food Insecurity, and Anemia Risk in Women of Reproductive Age: A Socio-Environmental Perspective

This article was exclusively written for The European Sting by Ms. Valéria Cerqueira Pinto, a medical student. She is affiliated with the International Federation of Medical Students Associations (IFMSA), cordial partner of The Sting. The opinions expressed in this piece belong strictly to the writer and do not necessarily reflect IFMSA’s view on the topic, nor The European Sting’s one.

By: Valéria Cerqueira Pinto

Abstract

Climate change is a critical driver of food insecurity, disproportionately affecting women of reproductive age. This study analyzes how climate-related disruptions increase the risk of anemia through socio-environmental pathways. Evidence shows that reduced food access, poor dietary diversity, and structural inequalities contribute to nutritional deficiencies. Data from international organizations indicate that anemia remains highly prevalent and stagnant globally. Addressing this issue requires integrated strategies combining nutrition, gender-sensitives policies, and climate adaptation.

Introduction

Climate change affects food systems through extreme weather events, environmental degradation, and reduced agricultural productivity. These impacts increase food prices and limit access to nutritious foods, especially in vulnerable populations.

Women aged 15–49 are particularly at risk due to increased nutritional demands. Anemia, especially iron-deficiency anemia, remains a major global health problem, affecting 30.7% of women worldwide and 35.5% of pregnant women.

Climate Change and Food Insecurity

Climate-related shocks—such as droughts and floods—reduce food availability and dietary quality. These disruptions disproportionately affect low-income populations, leading to reliance on cheaper, nutrient-poor foods.

As stated by UNICEF, in 2023 maternal malnutrition had increased by 25% in crisis-affected countries, highlighting the worsening impact of environmental and socioeconomic instability on women’s nutrition. Reduced dietary diversity directly limits intake of essential micronutrients, including iron.

Women’s Vulnerability and Anemia Risk

Women of reproductive age are biologically more susceptible to anemia due to menstruation, pregnancy, and lactation. Social inequalities further limit their access to adequate nutrition and healthcare.

According to PAHO, in the Americas, the prevalence of anemia in women is 15.4%, affecting approximately 39 million women, with higher rates among pregnant women (18.9%). Despite some progress, this prevalence has remained stagnant since 2012, indicating insufficient improvement.

Globally, anemia prevalence remains around 30% in non-pregnant women, showing minimal decline over the past two decades.

Socio-Environmental Determinants

The link between climate change and anemia is mediated by structural determinants such as poverty, food insecurity, and weak health systems. Environmental degradation reduces access to iron-rich foods, while economic instability limits dietary quality.

Iron deficiency alone accounts for about 50% of anemia cases worldwide, reinforcing the role of inadequate nutrition. Additionally, food insecurity is strongly associated with higher anemia prevalence in low and middle-income countries.

Maternal anemia has significant intergenerational effects, including increased risk of low birth weight and impaired child development.

Strategies for Mitigation

Addressing anemia requires integrated approaches. Nutritional interventions—such as iron supplementation and food fortification—are essential but must be combined with broader strategies.

Strengthening climate-resilient food systems, improving access to healthcare, and promoting gender equity are critical. Policies must focus on reducing socioeconomic inequalities and protecting vulnerable populations from climate-related shocks.

Conclusion

Climate change exacerbates food insecurity and contributes to persistent anemia in women of reproductive age through complex socio-environmental pathways. Despite global targets, progress remains insufficient. Effective solutions require interdisciplinary strategies that integrate nutrition, climate adaptation, and social equity to break the cycle of vulnerability.

About the author

The author of this article explored other courses in different fields, but it was in medicine that she found her place. From the beginning of her studies, Valéria discovered in medical practice more than just a career: she found her vocation when she realized that caring for others also gave meaning to her own life. Driven by a genuine desire to help, the student stood out as a Teaching Assistant in Public Health, strengthening her humanized perspective. Today, she is part of the coordinating board of IFMSA UNEX MED, working in the Human Rights and Peace (SCORP) area, where she transforms empathy into action and social commitment into real impact.