mosquito 2019

(Егор Камелев, Unsplash)

This article is brought to you thanks to the collaboration of The European Sting with the World Economic Forum. Author: Charlotte Edmond, Formative Content
Malaria has plagued humankind throughout history. Malarial DNA was discovered in Eyptian mummy tissues from 4,000 years ago and in amber from as far back as 100 million years ago.
Ancient writings from Sumeria, China and India are all thought to reference the mosquito-borne disease. And the ancient Greek ‘father of medicine’ Hippocrates is credited with providing one of the first descriptions of the disease around 350-450 BC.
Image: World Health Organization
In a landmark move, this month Malawi has become the first ever country to offer a malaria vaccine, rolling out an immunisation pilot programme to young children that will offer partial protection against the disease. Ghana and Kenya are set to follow soon.
 
Global push
However, the World Health Organization is using World Malaria Day 2019 (25 April) as an opportunity to call for a greater global effort towards eradicating the disease, which is estimated to kill a child every two minutes.
After over a decade of steady advances in fighting malaria, progress has levelled off, the organisation claims. The latest WHO World Malaria Report found the estimated number of malaria deaths in 2017 remained virtually unchanged from the previous year, at 435,000.
Malaria deaths around the world.
Image: World Health Organization
These recent trends mean two critical targets of the WHO’s key malaria elimination strategy – cutting the number of malaria cases and death rates by at least 40% by 2020 – have been missed.
Funding for the global malaria response has also stagnated well below the WHO’s target for 2020. In 2017, $3.1 billion was available for control and elimination programmes – against a WHO target for 2020 of $6.6 billion.
Ownership of the challenge to get the global response to malaria back on track lies in the hands of the countries most affected by the disease, believes the WHO. It is championing a grassroots campaign to keep malaria high on the political agenda, target additional resources, and empower communities in prevention and care.
Here are seven facts about the disease.
  • Malaria is curable and preventable. A hundred years ago it was found worldwide: it was eliminated in most of Western Europe in the 1930s and in the US in 1951. More recently, Sri Lanka, Morocco and the United Arab Emirates are among countries that have eliminated it. Despite this, every year more than 200 million new cases of malaria are reported.
  • A handful of countries shoulder the biggest impact of the disease: approximately 70% of the world’s malaria burden is concentrated in 11 countries. Ten of these are on the African continent, plus India. In 2017, Africa was home to 92% of malaria cases and 93% of malaria deaths.
  • Despite deaths caused by the disease halving since 2000, they have plateaued in recent years. And the incidence of malaria is on the rise. Overall funding for disease control has levelled off, and in combination with this the malaria parasite has begun to develop resistance to the drugs currently on the market. In some mosquito species insecticide resistance is also becoming a challenge.
  • Nearly half the world’s population is at risk of malaria: in 2017 there were 87 countries and areas with ongoing malaria transmission. Young children are the most vulnerable group affected by malaria – they accounted for 61% (266,000) of all malaria deaths worldwide in 2017.
  • There are around more than 30 different malaria-carrying species of Anopheles mosquito, the main transmitter of the disease. Transmission is greatest in areas where the mosquitoes live longest and prefer to bite humans rather than other animals. The long lifespan of the African vector species and its preference for human blood is the main reason why approximately 90% of the world’s malaria cases are in Africa.
  • There are significant gaps in the core measures used to reduce further transmission of the disease. Half of the at-risk population in Africa sleep under insecticide-treated nets, despite dawn to dusk being the most active time for insects carrying malaria. Just over one-fifth of eligible pregnant women in Africa received the recommended three or more doses of preventative therapy in 2017. And less than half of children with a fever in Africa were taken to a trained medical provider.
  • There are signs of hope. Several countries with a low malaria burden are making rapid steps towards elimination. In 2018, Paraguay and Uzbekistan were certified malaria-free. China and El Salvador reported no indigenous cases of malaria in 2017. Elsewhere, some countries with higher malaria burdens are also making significant progress. India, which represents 4% of the global malaria burden, saw a 24% reduction in cases year-on-year in 2017, while Ethiopia, Pakistan and Rwanda have also made major strides in combating the number of cases.