Energy transition: Which countries are making most progress in 2023 – and which have more work to do?

Argentina and Indonesia saw the biggest gains of any country. Argentina climbed 20 places to 48th position, largely by improving its green society score. The country’s growing nuclear power capacity helped reduce its demand for fossil fuels.

Indonesia gained 21 places to rank 49th overall by reducing its carbon emissions. A $56 million finance package from Norway helped promote emissions reductions and preserve Indonesia’s tropical rainforests.

However, the performance of major economies with large populations – such as China (ranked 27), Brazil (ranked 38) and India (ranked 50) – have more of an impact overall than smaller nations.

While all three economies saw their index score fall slightly compared with last year, there are positive signs.

China is one of the world’s biggest greenhouse gas emitters, producing just under a third of total global CO2 emissions. However, it ranks 17th out of 120 countries on the World Economic Forum’s Energy Transition Index (ETI) – part of the Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2023 report – as it has made significant progress on developing its renewable energy capacity over the past decade.

More than a quarter of China’s electricity came from renewable sources in 2021, leaving it within reach of its target of 33% by 2025.

Brazil – the world’s ninth-largest economy – ranks 14th on this year’s ETI and its overall scores have improved significantly since 2014. With a high share of renewables in the energy mix, Brazil’s electricity sector is one of the least carbon-intensive in the world.

India’s ETI performance has been steadily improving over the past 10 years and it now ranks 67th, largely due to efforts to achieve universal access to electricity, replacing solid fuels with clean cooking options and increasing renewable energy deployment. The government has approved a Sovereign Green Bonds Framework to help investment in developing green energy infrastructure.

Developing nations often have additional challenges to overcome compared with developed economies when looking to decarbonize, such as lower levels of infrastructure, less widespread power and distribution networks, and a lack of investment.

The World Economic Forum’s Mobilizing Investments for Clean Energy in Emerging Economies initiative aims to help countries overcome challenges like these and transition to clean energy. Nigeria is a good example of this programme in action.

However, Nigeria’s abundant and untapped renewable resources could provide up to 60% of its required energy demand by 2050, according to the International Renewable Energy Agency.

The initiative’s partners are exploring opportunities for Nigeria to unlock clean energy investment opportunities, by encouraging public and private-sector actors to look at ways to accelerate investments, particularly in priority areas.

Progress is being made on the global transition to clean energy. The Forum’s Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2023 report notes that 95% of countries have improved their total Energy Transition Index score over the past decade, with the biggest energy consumers also making the biggest leaps forward.

“In the coming decades, our focus and investments must shift towards accelerating progress in densely populated developing nations, where financial and technological constraints hinder the full realization of their renewable energy potential,” says Roberto Bocca, Head of the Centre for Energy and Materials at the World Economic Forum. “This must go hand in hand with efforts to enhance the energy efficiency of their economies and reduce the carbon intensity of their energy mix. By fostering increased collaboration and targeted support, we can pave the way for a more equitable, secure and sustainable future.”

While there are significant signs of progress, more urgent action is needed globally to accelerate the energy transition and put the world on course to achieve net-zero emissions.