Could New York City become the beacon of energy efficiency? 

• Cities account for two-thirds of global energy consumption and 70% of global emissions, meaning they can play an invaluable role in decarbonization.Energy efficiency is the ‘first fuel’ for clean energy transitions and is often the quickest and the most cost-effective carbon mitigation option.New York City’s Local Law 97 on energy efficiency and emissions has already had real impact and can serve as leading example for other cities.

The eyes of the world were focused on New York City last week as the ‘Big Apple’ hosted Climate Week NYC alongside the annual UN General Assembly. What better place than New York City, to remind the world of the crucial role cities can play as we take steps towards decarbonization. Cities account for a significant two-thirds of global energy consumption and 70% of worldwide emissions, effectively holding the key to reaching our decarbonization goals. The need for urgent action in cities has never been clearer.The recently-released UNFCCC Global Stocktake report highlighted how the window of time for effective action on climate change is narrowing quickly. If we are to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement to limit global warming to 1.5ºC above pre-industrial levels, we have just over six years to almost halve global emissions.

While we’re not on track currently to hit this target, the opening arena for combating climate change should start with cities. But what should cities focus on first? The answer is simple: energy efficiency. Energy efficiency is, and always should be, the ‘first fuel’ for clean energy transitions. The technology is available already, and it’s the quickest and most cost-effective carbon mitigation option.

Decarbonizing NYC through energy efficiency

In New York City alone, there is roughly 3 billion square feet of existing building space, according to New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA). Most of it is constructed prior to the first energy regulations in the 1970s and utilizes steam boilers running on natural gas or oil.

Although there are some barriers to taking action on decarbonizing buildings, the financial benefits are beginning to influence and accelerate the progress. Take for example Local Law 97, New York City’s policy that means most buildings over 25,000 square feet will be required to meet new energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions limits by 2024, with stricter limits coming into effect in 2030. These policies, especially in a city as busy and energy hungry as NYC, will have a far-reaching impact. As an example of this policy impact, let’s consider the 345 Hudson Street building. The infrastructure of the famous 91-year-old building – with tenants including Google, Viacom and CBS – will be upgraded to new carbon efficient, energy saving technologies to completely decarbonize the 1 million square foot property by 2032. This will totally change Hudson 345’s original status as one of the most carbon intensive buildings.

Energy efficiency and the bottom line

This change will also make sound financial sense as it would otherwise have a potential Local Law 97 exposure in the range of six figures per year starting in 2030. These current conditions reflect a set of common challenges faced by a wide swath of New York’s commercial building sector. We can already see this policy having an impact and concrete projects on retrofits are happening now that we might not have seen otherwise.Technologies like variable speed compressor heat pumps are also having a significant impact. Variable speed compressor heat pumps can adjust their operating power, reacting to both the thermostat settings and the outdoor temperature to provide optimal space heating in an energy-efficient manner.

We are also seeing a promising movement overall towards the uptake of heat pumps in the US, with heat pumps last year outselling gas-powered furnaces in the US for the first-time. More than 4.3 million heat pump units were sold in 2022 compared to roughly 3.9 million natural gas furnaces.Meanwhile, New York Climate Action Council has plans to convert 1-2 million homes and 10% to 20% of commercial space statewide to all electric heating and cooling with heat pumps by 2030.

Excess heat a large untapped source of energy

There is also much potential in the reuse of excess or waste heat from the likes of wastewater facilities, data centres, supermarkets, and subway stations – all present in large cities. Excess heat can provide for a substantial proportion of the heating and cooling needs in cities and is considered the world’s largest untapped source of energy. Using energy that would otherwise go to waste is potentially one of the purest forms of energy efficiency.

Heat pumps are also the key to utilizing this excess heat, recovering heat from the cooling system to also provide the required facility heating. Hudson 345 and many other New York City buildings are currently in the process of being redesigned to enable this possibility. This is the most significant lever available in terms of efficiency and decarbonization, replacing gas-source heating with heat recovery and water heat pumps which operate at five times the efficiency of the gas source heating they are replacing. Danfoss and our original equipment manufacturer partners are leading the way in showing the possibility of this integrated hydronic-based cooling and heating system retrofit and the associated efficiency and decarbonization potential.The density of infrastructure in cities makes it possible to use excess heat even more systematically and in larger scale through sector integration and district energy. Urban planning can leverage the potential of sector integration and excess heat by connecting energy producers with energy consumers through a smart grid.

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What’s the World Economic Forum doing about the transition to clean energy?

Moving to clean energy is key to combating climate change, yet in the past five years, the energy transition has stagnated. Energy consumption and production contribute to two-thirds of global emissions, and 81% of the global energy system is still based on fossil fuels, the same percentage as 30 years ago. Plus, improvements in the energy intensity of the global economy (the amount of energy used per unit of economic activity) are slowing. In 2018 energy intensity improved by 1.2%, the slowest rate since 2010. Effective policies, private-sector action and public-private cooperation are needed to create a more inclusive, sustainable, affordable and secure global energy system. Benchmarking progress is essential to a successful transition. The World Economic Forum’s Energy Transition Index, which ranks 115 economies on how well they balance energy security and access with environmental sustainability and affordability, shows that the biggest challenge facing energy transition is the lack of readiness among the world’s largest emitters, including US, China, India and Russia. The 10 countries that score the highest in terms of readiness account for only 2.6% of global annual emissions.

To future-proof the global energy system, the Forum’s Shaping the Future of Energy and Materials Platform is working on initiatives including, Systemic Efficiency, Innovation and Clean Energy and the Global Battery Alliance to encourage and enable innovative energy investments, technologies and solutions.Additionally, the Mission Possible Platform (MPP) is working to assemble public and private partners to further the industry transition to set heavy industry and mobility sectors on the pathway towards net-zero emissions. MPP is an initiative created by the World Economic Forum and the Energy Transitions Commission. Is your organisation interested in working with the World Economic Forum? Find out more here.

Most importantly, we must not forget that decarbonization is not magic. These are not new technologies or solutions. They are proven technologies. We have what we need to make decarbonization possible in New York City and beyond. This is a tremendous opportunity for one of the world’s most famous cities to be a leader in promoting energy efficiency in cities on a global scale. New York City is extremely well placed to lead the US and the world in decarbonization. It’s good for business, it’s good for the