Malaria in the US – is climate change affecting disease spread?

This article is brought to you thanks to the collaboration of The European Sting with the World Economic Forum.

Author: Charlotte Edmond, Senior Writer, Forum Agenda

• Locally-transmitted cases of malaria have been identified in Florida and Texas, the first time in 20 years the disease has spread locally in the US.
• The risk of contracting malaria in the US remains low, but mosquito-borne diseases may become more common as global temperatures increase, say experts.
• Warmer climates are enabling mosquito species known to transmit diseases such as chikungunya, dengue and Zika to move into new areas, including Europe and Cyprus.

The US has just issued a health alert after cases of locally-transmitted malaria were identified in the states of Florida and Texas. Malaria is typically viewed as a disease affecting tropical countries and it is the first time in 20 years the disease has been spread locally in the US.

Although the risk of contracting the disease in the US remains very low, with only five cases confirmed so far in total, there is a growing concern that mosquito-borne diseases like malaria may become more common as the climate crisis raises temperatures globally.

Data shows, for example, that a mosquito species known to be a vector of the chikungunya and dengue viruses is establishing itself further north and west into Europe, according to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Another species that can spread dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, Zika and West Nile viruses is now established in Cyprus.

So what do we know about the influence of climate change on the spread of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases? And is there anything we can do to prepare for them?

The malaria burden

Almost 250 million people are infected with malaria each year – and it kills nearly 620,000 people. Despite being preventable and curable, it is one of the deadiest diseases affecting humans. Africa bears by far the highest burden – the region is home to 95% of cases and 96% of deaths.

The US cases mark the first time since 2003 that the disease has been acquired locally and all the patients have all received treatment and are improving. The particular mosquito species concerned can be found in many regions of the country, and while it is extremely unlikely you will catch malaria in these parts, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notes the risk is higher where the local climate allows the mosquito to survive for long periods.

In Europe, warmer and longer summers are also contributing to the spread of mosquitoes, says the ECDC. Ten years ago, the Aedes albopictus mosquito was established in eight countries in the EU, with 114 regions being affected. Now, the mosquito is established in 13 countries and 337 regions.

How is malaria spread?

Malaria is spread through the bite of a female anopheline mosquito that has been infected with a malaria-causing parasite. Mosquitoes can pick up the parasite by feeding on malaria-infected individuals. Rarely, malaria can also be transmitted from mother to baby at birth, and through blood transfusion or organ transplants.

Prior to this latest cluster of infections, virtually all cases of malaria in the US were a result of travellers picking up the disease. Prior to the pandemic, there were around 2,000 cases of malaria in the country annually, of which 300 were severe and 5-10 people died, according to the CDC.

What does climate change have to do with it?

As the climate warms it gives the mosquito a longer period to live and breed, as well as potentially expanding its habitat. An extra 4.7 billion people might be at risk of malaria or dengue by 2070 as the “epidemic belt” of the diseases expands, a 2021 study found.

The study also notes that the expansion of diseases into new regions brings the risk of outbreaks in populations whose immune systems have not previously been exposed to them. Alongside this, healthcare systems may not be prepared.

However, the spread of diseases like malaria is complex and depends on factors including population dynamics, drug and insecticide resistance, and human activities that affect ecology and habitats such as deforestation or irrigation practices.

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What is the World Economic Forum doing about access to vaccines?

In 2000, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance was launched at the World Economic Forum’s Annual Meeting in Davos, with an initial pledge of $750 million from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

The aim of Gavi is to make vaccines more accessible and affordable for all – wherever people live in the world.

Along with saving an estimated 10 million lives worldwide in less than 20 years,through the vaccination of nearly 700 million children, – Gavi has most recently ensured a life-saving vaccine for Ebola.

At Davos 2016, we announced Gavi’s partnership with Merck to make the life-saving Ebola vaccine a reality.

The Ebola vaccine is the result of years of energy and commitment from Merck; the generosity of Canada’s federal government; leadership by WHO; strong support to test the vaccine from both NGOs such as MSF and the countries affected by the West Africa outbreak; and the rapid response and dedication of the DRC Minister of Health. Without these efforts, it is unlikely this vaccine would be available for several years, if at all.

Read more about the Vaccine Alliance, and how you can contribute to the improvement of access to vaccines globally – in our Impact Story.

What can public health systems do to prepare for diseases linked to climate change?

Malaria was historically endemic in Europe but was eliminated in 1975 because of better socioeconomic conditions, access to healthcare, irrigation and farming practices.

Malaria can be prevented by avoiding mosquito bites through the use of mosquito nets and protective clothing, as well as chemical repellents. Medicines can also prevent infection.

Community awareness of mosquito control is part of the solution and can help communities implement prevention measures, such as getting rid of standing water where mosquitoes like to breed.

Two other core interventions to control mosquito populations include insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying. However, there has been a concerning rise in resistance to these chemical options among some mosquito species.

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Early diagnosis and treatment is key to limiting disease severity and spread, and the World Health Organization recommends that all suspected cases of malaria are tested. Malaria infections always require treatment.

In 2021, 35 countries reported 1,000 or fewer indigenous cases of malaria, according to WHO figures. Since 2015 nine countries have been certified by the WHO as being malaria-free (achieving 3 consecutive years of zero indigenous cases). These are Maldives, Sri Lanka, Kyrgyzstan, Paraguay, Uzbekistan, Argentina, Algeria, China and El Salvador.

The organization’s strategy to deal with malaria includes targets to reduce malaria case incidence by at least 90% by 2030, reduce malaria mortality rates by at least 90% by 2030, eliminate malaria in at least 35 countries by 2030, and prevent a resurgence of malaria in all malaria-free countries.

Disease prevention and detection will become increasingly important as the impacts of the climate crisis intensify, the World Economic Forum notes in its June 2023 report Scaling Smart Solutions with AI in Health. Artificial intelligence technologies can help speed up and improve predictive, monitoring and diagnostic processes.

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